problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis treningi zRaprebis daxmarebiT
T. iosebaZe
fsiqo-socialuri reabilitaciis centri
`...qsanfi adga meore dRes diliT da moisurva xelebis dabanva. man daiZaxa: ezope! gismenT batono - upasuxa ezopem. wyali damisxi - uTxra qsanfma. ezopem aiRo jami wyliT da mivida Tavis batonTan. piris dabanisas, qsanfma SeamCnia, rom aRar hqonda TiTze beWedi. ezope, sad aris Cemi beWedi? - ikiTxa man. warmodgena ar maqvs - upasuxa monam. dideba Senda RmerTo! - Tqva qsanfma. cudi ar iqneba batono, Tu Tqven moagrovebT da gadamalavT Tqveni qonebidan imas, risi gadamalvac SegiZliaT. exla xom Tqveni qoneba Tqven aRar gekuTvniT. ras Cmaxav? - Seuyvirebs mas qsanfi. saqme imaSia batono, rom guSin, roca magrad daiTveriT, Tqven ganacxadeT da niZlavi dadeT mTel Tqven qonebaze, rom SegiZliaT zRva SesvaT da swored am niZlavis garantad mieciT Tqveni Zvirfasi beWedi. zRva rogor unda Sevsva? - dabneulad Caiburtyuna qsanfma. batono, me fexebSi CagivardiT da gemudarebodiT - nu izamT amas, ras akeTebT batono, es xom SeuZlebelia. magram Tqven Cemi ar gesmodaT. amis gagonebaze qsanfi daeca muxlebze da Seevedra ezopes: gexvewebi hqeni rame. Sen xom Wkviani kaci xar. moifiqre rame. Tu ar movigeb niZlavs, qoneba mainc ar davkargo. mogeba, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba qonebis SenarCunebas, amaSi me mgoni SemiZlia dagexmaroT. rogor SegiZlia? - hkiTxa qsanfma - amixseni. da ezopemac auxsna: rodesac TqvenTan movlen mosamarTle da Tqveni modave da gibrZaneben SeasruloT naTqvami, SesvaT zRva, Tqven ukan ar waiRoT simTvraleSi naTqvami sityvebi, gaimeoreT isini ... SeavseT Tasi zRvis wyliT, dadgiT is magidaze mosamarTlis win da ikiTxeT: niZlavis rogori pirobebi gvqonda Cven? is getyviT: Sen Tqvi, rom Sesvam zRvas. Tqven hkiTxavT mas: sul es aris? is gipasuxebT: ki, sul es aris. maSin Tqven mimarTavT yvela iq myofs: Zvirfaso moqalaqeno, zRvaSi Caedineba mravali mdinare...me niZlavi davde imaze, rom davlevdi zRvas da ara masSi Camdinare mdinareebs. dae, iman visTanac niZlavi davde gadaketos zRvaSi Camdinare mdinareebi da maSin Sevasruleb Cems danapirebs - Sevsvam zRvas. SeuZlebelia Camdinare mdinareebis gadaketva, iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia zRvis Sesma. ai ase, SeuZlebels daupirispirebT SeuZlebels da amiT Tavs daaRwevT dadebul niZlavs...”
rogorc vxedavT, TiTqosda gamouvali mdgomareobidan brZenma ezopem moZebna Wkvianuri gamosavali da Tavisi batoni gadaarCina sulelur niZlavSi wagebas. kidev kargi, rom qsanfs imis Wkua mainc eyo, rom brZen ezopes mimarTa TxovniT Tavisi problemis gadasawyvetad.
amboben xolme, rom gamouvali mdgomareoba, gadauwyveteli problema ar arsebobs. magram rTuli problemebis gadawyveta rom yvelas ar SeuZlia da rom problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevas varjiSi da ganviTareba sWirdeba, amas iSviaTad Tu vinme aRniSnavs. egreTwodebuli `pozitiuri fsiqoTerapiis~ Semqmneli n. pezeSkiani fsiqikur janmrTelobas, swored, problemebis gadawyvetis unars ukavSirebs - `janmrTeli is ki ar aris, visac araviTari problemebi ara aqvs, aramed is visac SeuZlia maTi gadawyveta~. `racionaluri fsiqoTerapiis~ Semoqmedi p. diubua `damarwmunebeli dialeqtikiT~ cdilobda fsiqonevrozebis mqone pacientebis gankurnebas. Tanamedrove kognituri da kognitur-bihevioristuli mimarTulebebi fsiqoTerapiaSi, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTeben kognitur procesebze da kognitur warmonaqmnebze. Tumca, Cveni azriT, am fsiqoTerapiul mimarTulebaSi, azrovnebas da mis birTvs - problemebis gadawyvetis unars, saTanado, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ar eqceva. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes-dReobiT fsiqiatriaSi arsebul or wamyvan fsiqoreabilitaciur programaSi - `socialuri da damoukidebeli cxovrebis unar-Cvevebis varjiSis programa~ (”Social and Independent Living Skills Program”) da `integrirebuli fsiqologiuri Terapia Sizofreniis mqone pacientebisTvis~ (“Integrated Psychological Therapy for Schizophrenic Patients”) erT-erT mniSvnelovan komponents, `moduls~ problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis treningi Seadgens. `socialuri da damoukidebeli cxovrebis unar-Cvevebis varjiSis programaSi~, problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis treningis moduli miznad isaxavs problemis gadawyvetis 7 safexuriani modelis daswavlas. es safexurebia: 1) gaCerdi da dafiqrdi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor wyvet mocemul problemas; 2) sakuTriv, raSi mdgomareobs Seni problema; 3) sxva ra gzebiT SeiZleba gadawydes es problema; 4) Seafase alternatiuli gadawyvetis gzebi; 5) SearCie am problemis gadawyvetis erTi an ramdenime alternatiuli gza da Seadgine maTi realizaciis gegma; 6) ra resursebi gWirdeba mocemuli problemis gadasawyvetad; 7) gansazRvre TariRi da dro dasaxuli gegmis realizaciisaTvis da Seudeqi mis ganxorcielebas. rac Seexeba `integrirebul fsiqologiur Terapias~, masSic mocemulia problemebis gadawyvetis 7 safexuriani modeli, romlis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevis SemuSavebasac cdilobs es programa. es safexurebia: 1) problemis identifikacia da misi analizi; 2) problemis kognituri gadamuSaveba; 3) problemis gadawyvetis strategiebis SemuSaveba; 4) mocemuli problemis gadawyvetis alternatiuli gzebis Taobaze diskusia; 5) problemis gadawyvetis alternatiuli variantebidan erTis SerCeva; 6) am alternatiuli variantis praqtikaSi realizacia; 7) problemis gadawyvetis warmatebuli Tu warumatebeli Sedegebis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris miReba. problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis ganviTarebis es ori programa udavod SesaniSnavi modelebia. magram isini, rogorc nebismieri arsebuli modeli, Seicaven arsebiT nakls. yoveli azrovnebis savarjiSo modeli CarCoebSi aTavsebs azrovnebis process da amiT winaaRmdegobaSi modis TviT azrovnebis arsebasTan - daamyaros axali mimarTebebi, gadawyvitos axali amocana (da ara ubralod gamoiyenos raRac Sablonebi, raRac `receptebi~). amitom, Cven im daskvnamde mivediT, rom problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis gasavarjiSeblad, erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebas unda warmoadgendes problemebis gadawyvetis arsebuli mravalferovani gamocdilebis gacnoba da analizi. amisaTvis mdidari da mravalferovani masala SeuZlia mogvawodos zRaparma (am sityvis farTe gagebiT - miTi, legenda, igavi, igav-araki, anekdoti da sxv.). unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiasa da fsiqoTerapiaSi zRapars sakmao yuradReba eqceva, me ar Semxvedria mecnieruli naSromi, sadac laparaki iqneboda zRapris gamoyenebaze problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis savarjiSod. me SevimuSave proeqti - problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis treningi zRaprebis daxmarebiT, romelic erT-erT komponentad Sevitane jgufuri fsiqoTerapiis Cems komplementarul modelSi. am models me viyeneb qronikuli fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone pirTa Tbilisis fsiqo-socialuri reabilitaciis centrSi (am cota xnis win aRniSnuli proeqtis rusul enaze mimdinare mecadineobebis audioCanawerebi ganTavsebul iqna internetSi, Cems saitebze).
problemebis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT zRaprebis analizis Cems mier SemoTavazebuli modeli ar aris mkacrad struqturirebuli. amitom mis gasagebad, albaT, yvelaze saukeTeso saSualebaa saitze moTavsebuli konkretuli mecadineobebis gacnoba. Cemi midgoma zRaprebis analizisadmi, garkveuli gagebiT, martivicaa da rTulic. martivia imitom, rom mis arss Seadgens - zRaprisadmi Sexedva problemebis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT. xolo rTulia imitom, rom am TvalsazrisiT zRapris saTanado analizi saWiroebs garkveul codnasa da gamocdilebas. Cemi midgomis Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgenis Seqmnis mizniT, me minda aq Sevexo or mniSvnelovan sakiTxs: 1) zRapris analizis Cems mier gamoyofili ZiriTadi kriteriumebi, da 2)am midgomis ZiriTadi Rirsebebi.
zRaprebis analizis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi, problemebis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT: 1) ra problem(ebi)a aris warmodgenili mocemul zRaparSi; 2) ra gzebiT, ra saSualebebiT cdiloben zRapris personaJebi problem(eb)is gadawyvetas; 3) kidev ra gzebiT, ra saSualebebiT SeiZleba mocemuli problemebis gadawyveta; 4) sad eZeben zRapris personaJebi problemis gadawyvetis gzebs; 5) ra Secdomebi iqna daSvebuli da ra warmatebuli saSualebebi iqna gamoyenebuli personaJebis mier mocemul zRaparSi problemis gadawyvetisas; 6) ram ganapiroba problemis gaCena; 7) rogor SeiZleboda mocemuli problemis Tavidan acileba; 8) ra aris saWiro mocemuli problemis gadasawyvetad; 9) ra resursebs saWiroeben mocemuli zRapris personaJebi problemis gadasawyvetad (aqvT Tu ara maT es resursebi da ramdenad sworad, efeqturad iyeneben am resursebs); 10) ras emyareba mocemuli problemis gadawyveta; 11) problemis gadawyvetis ra strategiebs iyeneben personaJebi mocemul zRaparSi da xom ar ajobebda sxva strategiebis gamoyeneba; 12) problemis gadawyvetaze moqmedi faqtorebi (dadebiTi da uaryofiTi); 13) zRapris personaJebis azrovnebis procesis analizi; 14) azrovnebis ra tips iyenebs esa Tu is personaJi (asociaciuri azrovneba, autisturi azrovneba, sistemuri azrovneba, problemis gadawyvetaze orientirebuli azrovneba, Rirebulebaze damyarebuli azrovneba, avtoritetze damyarebuli azrovneba, abstraqtuli azrovneba, konkretuli azrovneba, praqtikuli azrovneba, analogiebze damyarebuli azrovneba, logikur-cnebiTi azrovneba, simboluri azrovneba, Sedegze orientirebuli azrovneba, paranoialuri azrovneba da sxv.); 15) ra sistemuri Sedegebi SeiZleba moyves problemis gadawyvetis mocemuli xerxis gamoyenebas (fsiqoekologiuri Sefaseba); 16) ras gvaswavlis mocemuli zRapari, problemebis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT; 17) paralelebis gavleba zRaparSi mocemul problemur situaciasa, misi gadawyvetis konkretul SemTxvevasa da pacientebis msgavs cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas Soris.
bunebrivia, yvela aRniSnuli analizis kriteriumis gamoyeneba konkretuli zRapris analizis dros SeuZlebelia. Tu romeli da ramdeni analizis kriteriumi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli konkretuli zRapris analizis dros, es ZiriTadad damokidebulia zRapris Sinaarsze da kriteriumebis aqtualobaze mocemuli pacientebisTvis.
zRaprebis daxmarebiT problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Rirsebebi: 1) zRaprebSi warmodgenilia, faqtiurad, azrovnebis yvela (rogorc dabali, aseve maRali) forma; 2) zRaprebi asaxaven adamianTa mraval, mravalferovan problemebsa da maTi gadawyvetis gzebs; 3) zRaprebis konkretuli fabula SesaZleblobas iZleva gamovavlinoT problemis gadawyvetaze moqmedi konkretuli faqtorebi; 4) zRaparSi warmodgenili dasrulebuli ambavi SesaZleblobas iZleva problemis gadawyvetis procesi konkretul konteqstsa da dinamikaSi ganvixiloT; 5) zRapari, garkveuli fsiqikuri mdgomareobis provocirebas axdens, romelic SesaniSnav niadags qmnis daswavlisa da problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis varjiSisaTvis; 6) zRapriT pirovnebis Sinagan samyaroSi daxmarebis mizniT Sesvla ufro advilia, vidre mSrali mecnieruli cnebebiT, sqemebiTa da koncefciebiT; 7) zRaprebi, azrovnebis treningze daswrebis motivacias aZliereben; 8) zRapari SesaniSnavi instrumentia qronikuli fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone pirTaTvis fsiqologiuri da fsiqoTerapiuli daxmarebis gasawevad; 9) zRapris daxmarebiT problemebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevis treningi SesaZleblobas aZlevs monawileebs ara mxolod avarjiSon azrovneba, aramed miiRon mniSvnelovani fsiqologiuri da fsiqoTerapiuli daxmareba.
mocemuli midgomis Sesaxeb ufro farTo informacia, msurvels SeuZlia moiZios Cems saitebze: http://treniruitemishlen.mirtesen.ru/ da http://sites.google.com/site/trainproblemsolving/main. am saitebze warmodgenilia problemebis gadawyvetis treningis mecadineobebis audio Canawerebi (rusul enaze) da Cemi statia.
l i t e r a t u r a
1.Brener H.D., Roder V., Hodel B., Kienzle N., Reed D., LibermanR.P. Integrated Psychological Therapy for Schizophrenic Patients (IPT). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, Bern Gottingen Seattle Toronto
2.Liberman R.P., Massell H.K., Mosk M., Wong S.E. Social skills training for chronic mental patients. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 36:396-403, 1985.
3.Эзоп. Басни. СПБ.: Изд. «Азбука классика», 2008.
PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS TRAINING WITH THE HELP OF
FAIRY-TALE
T.IOSEBADZE Center of Psycho-social Rehabilitation Tbilisi, Georgia
1.Both existing problem solving training models and various approaches in psychotherapy propose limited, one-sided and static strategies and ways of problem solving. Whereas problem solving is a dynamic process and it is influenced by various factors, it is impossible to put problem solving into the frame of one static model.
1.Teaching of problem solving together with cognitive and situational-behavioral analysis constitutes a structural component of my Fairy-tale Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (FCBT) model. I believe that fairy-tales (in a broader sense of the notion which includes: myths, legends, parables, fables, etc.) have tremendous potentialities to learn how to solve our problems.
2.In my approach to problem analysis of fairy-tale the following criterions have been distinguished: 1) what problems are presented in the fairy-tale; 2) by what ways, what means the characters of the fairy-tale try to solve the problems; 3) what other ways of problem solving may be used in the case; 4) where do the characters of the fairy-tale look for ways of problem solving; 5) what mistakes have been made and what successful means of problem solving the characters of the fairy-tale used; 6) what has led to the origin of the problem; 7) how the problem could be avoided; 8) what is needed to solve the problem; 9) what resources are needed for the characters of the fairy-tale to solve the problem; do they have these resources and do they use them rightly and effectively; 10)on what basis the characters of the fairy-tale try to solve the problem; 11) what strategies of problem solving are used in the fairy-tale and perhaps it is better to use other ones; 12) what factors influence the problem solving positively or negatively; 13) analysis of the thinking process of the characters; 14) what type of thinking does the character of the fairy-tale use ( associative thinking, autistic thinking, systemic thinking, thinking oriented to solve the problem, thinking based upon values, thinking based upon authority, abstract thinking, concrete thinking, practical thinking, thinking based upon analogy, logical-conceptual thinking, symbolic thinking, result-oriented thinking, paranoiac thinking etc.); 15) to what systemic consequences may these or other ways of problem solving have led (psycho ecological assessment); 16) what the fairy-tale teaches us concerning problem solving; 17) drawing a parallel between problem situations, ways of their solving in the fairy-tale and similar life experience of the patients; etc.
3. Main merits of the approach: 1) actually all kinds of forms of thinking are presented in fairy-tales ( both high and low forms); 2) fairy-tales reflect many, diverse problem situations and ways of their solving; 3) the plots of fairy-tales give an opportunity to identify concrete factors influencing the problem solving; 4) the completed story presented in fairy-tale gives an opportunity to consider the process of problem solving in the concrete context and dynamic; 5) fairy-tale provokes a certain mental state which creates a good ground for learning and training of problem solving skills; 6) with the help of fairy-tale it is easier to enter the inner world of the personality than by means of abstract scientific schemas, notions and conceptions; 7) fairy-tales strengthen the motivation to attend the problem solving training courses; 8) fairy-tale is a good instrument to render psychological and psychotherapeutic help to patients with chronic mental disorders; 9) problem solving skills training with the help of fairy-tale gives an opportunity for the participants not only to train their thinking but get significant psychological and psychotherapeutic assistance.
4. Wider information about the approach may be found on my sites: http://treniruitemishlen.mirtesen.ru/ and http://sites.google.com/site/trainproblemsolving/main . Audio recordings of the problem solving training sessions ( in Russian) and my article are presented here.
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